1)     The replication of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can be quite different. As prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, the DNA is not segregated from the ribosomes. This means the whole process does not take very long. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus, however, so the whole process takes longer than in prokaryotic cells. DNA and RNA link together in the nucleus after the DNA interprets the RNA, then the RNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes where translation takes place.

2)     DNA, deoxyribo nucleic acid, and RNA, ribo nucleic acid, are both similar in their molecular structure. Both consist of the nitrogen bonds adenine, guanine, and cytosine, however RNA does not contain thymine as DNA does. Instead RNA has uracil, which bonds with adenine in place of thymine. In both guanine and cytosine bond only with each other. DNA spirals as two linked strands, forming a spiral ladder, while RNA strands spiral singularly. Also, RNA has more than one form as it can be messenger RNA (mRNA) so that genetic codes can be interpreted, or transfer RNA (tRNA) to transmit genetic codes. Unlike RNA, DNA is semiconservative because each new piece of DNA always has part of the conserved DNA.

1)     In 1953, James Watson and Frances Crick made the first 3-D structure of DNA. However, scientists before them made the first discoveries regarding DNA, starting as early as the 1928 when genetic material in cells was first found. In 1940 scientists knew there was something called DNA that chromosomes carried, but they thought protein was the genetic material.  A year before Watson and Crick discovered DNA A. Hershey and M. Chase discovered that DNA was the genetic material in a genetic phage, or virus, thus leading to DNA becoming accepted as genetic material. Also in the 1950s, The discovery and realization that nitrogenous bases were what made up DNA was also what aided Watson and Crick in the deduction of their double helix model, as well as x-ray crystallography.

2)     DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is shaped like a spiral ladder, like a double helix. DNA is actually two strands sugar and phosphate. These two strands hold together nitrogen bases, which are paired in specific patterns. Thanks to Watson and Crick, we know that the four nitrogen bases are  Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). In DNA, Thymine pairs only with Adenine and vice versa, and Cytosine only with Guanine. These pairs are held together by hydrongen bonds. Other information about DNA is the fact its width is approximately two nanometers, the the Nitrogen bases are stacked .34 nanometers apart, a helix makes a full turn ever 3.4 nanometers. The are also ten layers of nitrogen bases in each turn.

     Competition and cooperation can either help accelerate progress in scientific discoveries or slow it down greatly. With Watson and Crick both men had to combine their opinions and ideas in order to get the accurate information about DNA out to the people, making them have to cooperate. In terms of competitiveness, however, both men wanted to be the one to have the right idea about DNA. They were both greedy for the fame that would later come with their important discovery. This shows that in science both competitiveness and cooperation are important. Competitiveness can accelerate progress in the scientific world by urging a scientist to want to be given credit for his discovery. It can slow down progess by not allowing someone to take their time on their research and experiments because they feel that they are rushed and must be the first to finish. This could lead to many people not getting the best treatment possible because of competition going too far. Had Watson and Crick gone too far with their competition then the knowledge that we have today about DNA might not be as thorough as it is.

I believe that both views on the subject of karyotyping for the presence of the fragile X chromosome are valid, however I agree more with the first one. Though it is possible that stereotyping could occur once a name is placed on the disability, I do believe that it is much more beneficial for a person to be prescribed education for their specific case. The stereotyping is a bad result, but it might also occur even if no name were given to the disability